“Putin nazval osnovnuyu zadachu rossiiskikh voennykh v Sirii”, Interfax, 11 Oct. 2015, https://www.interfax.ru/russia/472593

Gregory Waters, “The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army’s Destruction and Rebirth”, Washington : Middle East Institute, 18 July 2019. See also: Interview with Russian diplomat working in Syria, January 2024.

Interview with adviser to Bashir al Assad, Damascus, 26 December 2016.

Interview with adviser to Assad, Damascus, 26 December 2016; Interview with IRGC colonel, adviser to NDF, Damascus, 12 November 2017.

Michel Duclos, “Russia and Iran in Syria— a Random Partnership or an Enduring Alliance? An interim report”, Atlantic Council, June 2019; Interview with Russian diplomat working in Syria, January 2024.

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, 10 July 24.

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat in Syria, January 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat in Syria, January 2024.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, 10 July 24.

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024.

Interview with senior official, Syrian Arab republic, Damascus, 20 October 2017.

ONPress, ‘Большое интервью членов ЧВК Вагнера’, [‘A Big Interview with Members of the Wagner PMC’], 24 December 2017, https://onpress.info/bolshoe-yntervyu-chlenov-chvk-vagnera-112488.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, May 24; Interview with Syrian Army Lt Colonel, August 2024; Interview with member of the 8th Brigade, January 2024.

Interview with member of the 8th Brigade, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, May 24; Interview with Sunni major, 5th Corps, January 2024; Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024; Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023; Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024; Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Sunni major, 5th Corps, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat in Syria, January 2024.

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024; Interview with Alawite Major, 25th Special Task Division, October 2023; Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with Alawite Major, 25th Special Task Division, October 2023.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024; Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024; Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024.

Gregory Waters, ‘The Slow Collapse of the Syrian Army’, Syria Revisited, December 2024 [https://syriarevisited.substack.com/p/the-slow-collapse-of-the-syrian-army].

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024.

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat in Syria, January 2024.

Interview with political adviser of Bashar al Assad, Damascus, December 2016; Interview with senior Syrian official, May 2017.

Interview with senior Syrian official, May 2017.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Interview with Syrian MoFA official, February 2024.

Interview with Ba’athist former deputy minister and member in the Syrian People Assembly, December 2023.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Alawite Colonel, Syrian Arab Army, close to Iran and Hizbollah, December 2023

Interview with 50-year-old Member of Parliament and social notable from a village western Dara’a, January 2024.

Interview with Ba’athist governmental official from the province of Dara’a, January 2024.

Interview with Ba’athist governmental official from the province of Dara’a, January 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023; Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024.

Interview with Alawite member of the Air Forces Intelligence in Damascus, January 2024.

Interview with Alawite member of the Air Forces Intelligence in Damascus, January 2024.

Interview with Alawite member of the Air Forces Intelligence in Damascus, January 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024; Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with 50-year-old Member of Parliament and social notable from a village western Dara’a, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Col, August 2024

Interview with Ba’athist former deputy minister and member in the Syrian People Assembly, December 2023.

Personal contacts with different Syrian governmental and Ba’athist officials and Members of Parliament, December 2023 and January 2024.

Interview with Ba’athist official in Damascus, January 2024.

Interview with 50-year-old Member of Parliament and social notable from a village western Dara’a, January 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat in Syria, January 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with Russian diplomat, October 2024; Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024; Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024; Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024; Interviews with different Syrian governmental and Ba’athist officials and Members of Parliament, December 2023 and January 2024; Interview with Sunni major, 5th Corps, January 2024; Interview with Russian diplomat in Syria, January 2024.

Interviews with different Syrian governmental and Ba’athist officials and Members of Parliament, December 2023 and January 2024; Interview with a Syrian Christian officer who serve in the 25th Division, November 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, November 2023.

Interview with senior Syrian official, May 2017.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023; Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, December 2024.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024; Interview with Sunni major, 5th Corps, January 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October 2024.

Interview with senior Syrian military officer, July 2017.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel August 2024; Interview with a Syrian Christian officer who serve in the 25th Division, November 2023.

Interview with Syrian Lt Col, August 2024

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

Interview with a pro-Russian Ba’athist Christian official from Dara’a province, January 2024; Interview with Syrian Christian officer, 25th Division, November 2023.

Interview with Alawite general Ministry of Defence HQs in Damascus, January 2024; Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with Alawite general Ministry of Defence HQs in Damascus, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024; Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024.

Interview with Sunni leader from the 8th Brigade in Dara’a province, January 2024.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024; Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024; Contacts with different Syrian governmental and Ba’athist officials and Members of Parliament, December 2023 and January 2024; Interview with a Syrian translator at the Damascus -based Russian Embassy, January 2024; Interview with Sunni anti-Iran Member of Parliament from the Province of Aleppo, November 2023; Interview with Palestinian militia commander, Palestinian Camp of al-Nairab, November 2023.

Interview with Syrian Shia militia leader in Sayyda Zainab and near the Damascus International Airport, January 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024; Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

 Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024

Interview with Syrian army officer, 5th corps, January 2024.

Interview with Ba’athist former deputy minister and currently a Member in the Syrian People Assembly, December 2023.

Interview with Russian diplomat on Iran and Russia, October, 2024; Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with Sunni major, 5th Corps, January 2024.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024.

Gregory Waters, ‘The Slow Collapse of the Syrian Army’, Syria Revisited, 4 December 2024. [https://syriarevisited.substack.com/p/the-slow-collapse-of-the-syrian-army].

Muhsen Al Mustafa, ‘Syria’s Reserve Military Service Transformations and Objectives’, Omran Strategic Studies, 21 August 2024.

Gregory Waters, ‘The Slow Collapse of the Syrian Army’, Syria Revisited, 4 December 2024. [https://syriarevisited.substack.com/p/the-slow-collapse-of-the-syrian-army].

Interview with Russian military advisor, Syria, March 2024.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with IRGC colonel in Syria, July 2024.

Interviews with Syrian military officer, December 2023.

‘أحمد العودة: صانع التسويات أو منافس للشرع في سوريا؟’ [Ahmed Al-Awda: Settlement maker or competitor to Sharia in Syria?], BBC Arabic, 11 January 2025.

Interview with Ba’athist governmental official from the province of Dara’a, January 2024.

Gregory Waters, ‘The Slow Collapse of the Syrian Army’, Syria Revisited, 4 December 2024 [https://syriarevisited.substack.com/p/the-slow-collapse-of-the-syrian-army].

 Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024

Interview with Syrian officer, 8^th brigade, April 2024.

Interview with senior Syrian military officer, July 2017.

Interview with special adviser to Bashir al Assad, Damascus, December 2016.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024; Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024.

Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024.

Interview with Syrian official, MoFA, August 2024.

Interview with Syrian Lt Colonel, August 2024; Interview with Syrian intelligence officer, MID, July 2024.

David G. Lewis, ‘Russia as Peacebuilder? Russia’s Coercive Mediation Strategy’, Strategic Insight 61, George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, June 2020; Mira Milosevich, ‘The 2010s: “Grand Strategy” or Tactical Opportunism?’, in V. Talbot, C. Lovotti (eds), The Role of Russia in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Strategy or Opportunism?, Milan ; ISPI, 2019, pp. 30-48.