For the analysis, we used publicly available speeches of Vladimir Putin from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2023 as written up on the Presidential Administration website, kremlin.ru. We excluded speeches from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012 from the analysis due to incomplete data, as during this period (March 2008 to March 2012) Dmitri Medvedev's was the President of the Russian Federation.