IntroductionDespite censorship, independent media continue operating in Russia. Their primary platform is Telegram, where channels spanning the political spectrum coexist. Yet “pro-government” ones significantly outperform their “opposition” counterparts: our survey reveals that 44% of Telegram users subscribe to the former versus just 14% for the latter. Cedar has conducted an extensive
analysis of dozens of channels consumed by both government supporters and critics to understand these dynamics and develop recommendations for independent media.
Key findings● 44% of people reading Telegram channels in Russia read pro-government media, and 14% read opposition ones, as determined by a telephone survey.
● In addition to pro-government and opposition news media, there is a group of "neutral" channels, among whose audience there are people with less radical positions, and sometimes both supporters and opponents of the Ukraine war.
● Neutral channels focus more on everyday news, such as the economy (with attention to domestic, not international, events), emergencies (fires, utility failures, abnormal weather), health news, food, and science.
● Opposition media tend to cover a narrower range of topics versus pro-government and neutral channels. Specifically, the variety of subjects covered by opposition channels is about one third to two fifths that of pro-government channels and one half to two thirds that of neutral channels. Opposition channels focus on issues that are not covered by other media (e.g., repression and consequences of the war), but the range of these issues is quite limited.
● On average, opposition-channels contain 30% less positive and 15% more negative posts than in “pro-government”channels. “Neutral” channels fall between “pro-
government” and “oppositional” ones on this parameter.
● Channels with more positive content tend to be more popular (p = 0.02). For pro-government media, this is achieved by presenting Russia in a positive light, but the correlation between popularity and positivity also exists among opposition media (p = 0.05).
● The level of emotionality in content is not correlated with popularity: both neutral channels in their coverage of events and other channels with more emotional presentation can be popular. The share of content about the war is also not correlated with popularity.
● To expand their audience, independent media can:
○ cover a broader range of topics;
○ focus more on everyday issues like the economy (price hikes and interest rates), emergencies in Russia, and health-related news;
○ create more positive content, including news about culture, animals, life stories, as well as selections of films, photos, music, and memes.
Telegram's rise as Russia's primary news sourceIndependent media are under unprecedented pressure in Russia. The state blocks access to them, designates them as "foreign agents" and "undesirable organizations," and cuts off advertising and donation streams. Russia now
ranks 162nd out of 180 countries in press freedom. State propaganda enjoys virtually unlimited resources for distribution and promotion.
Nevertheless, independent media maintain some reach: over a third of Russians
employ VPNs to circumvent blocks, while Telegram
remains the most popular social network with 51% daily usage.
According to Mediascope, 55% of Telegram's top channels are
related to news or politics. The platform's role as a news source has
grown dramatically — reportedly from zero to 28% of the population between 2019 and 2024. Telegram has effectively become Russians' primary source for political information.
These factors led us to focus our research on Telegram. Through a telephone survey, we identified 79 popular channels, including 36 news outlets. We supplemented these with seven less-popular independent media channels for comparative analysis, examining 43 news channels total. According to the survey, 44% of respondents in Russia read pro-government media, while 14% read opposition media.